Coffee Break with practiCal fMRI

 A new podcast on YouTube

We all know the best science at a conference happens either during the coffee breaks or in the pub afterwards. This being the case, practiCal fMRI and a guest sit down for coffee (or something stronger) to discuss some aspect of functional neuroimaging in what we hope is an illuminating, honest fashion. It's not a formal presentation. It's not even vaguely polished. It’s simply a frank, open discussion like you might overhear during a conference coffee break.

In the inaugural Coffee Break, I sit down with Ravi Menon to discuss two recent papers refuting the existence of a fast neuronal response named DIANA that was proposed in 2022. Ravi was a co-author on one of the two refutations. (The other comes from the lab of Alan Jasanoff at MIT.) We then digress into a brief discussion about the glymphatic system and sleep, and finally some other bits and pieces of shared interest. I've known Ravi for three decades and it's been a couple of years since we had a good natter, so we actually chatted on for another hour after I stopped recording. Sorry you don't get to eavesdrop on that conversation. It was all science, zero gossip and the subject of expensive Japanese whisky versus Scotch and bourbon did not feature, honest guv.

 

All the links to the papers and some items mentioned in our discussion can be found in the description under the video on YouTube. 

What's next for Coffee Break? I have a fairly long list of subject matter and potential guests. I'm hoping to follow some sort of slightly meandering theme, but no promises. I'm also hoping to get new episodes out about once every couple of weeks. But again, no promises.

(PS The series of posts on the core fMRI syllabus will resume shortly with a new branch on biology, starting with basic cell biology.)

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Making tracks for charity

This is going to be among the more unusual blog posts I've written. Here goes nothing.

The back story. A few years ago I decided to take a stab at writing fiction. The result was Bubble Chamber, an academic satire with a scientific twist. My intention? To see if I could write a novel, to actually finish it and get it into the public domain as an end point. Check! The process wasn't even sufficiently painful to dissuade me from future forays into novel writing. Just not yet, I have too many other irons in the old fire.

Towards the bottom of the post you can read a synopsis of Bubble Chamber along with a little contrived biography of yours truly. I am also tempted to include here a link to Amazon so that you might procure a copy of my literary scribbling for yourself. But I won't do that just yet. We need to make a quick detour.

Dementia Adventure

It transpires that a young Englishman by the name of Chris Graham has been steadily riding his bicycle, solo and unsupported, around the circumference of Canada and the USA since the beginning of May. He is now in Maine, approaching Canada for the second time and about to commence the last leg of his marathon journey. His current location, as well as the route already completed, can be seen in real time courtesy of his YBTracking page. A flight back home to the UK on Christmas Eve beckons as the final reward for all of Chris's hard work. (Motto: If in doubt, pedal!)

Chris is doing his ride for charity. Specifically, Chris is raising money for Alzheimer's Research UK. You see, Chris is likely to develop dementia in a not too distant future. He carries the gene for early onset Alzheimer's, a disease that has claimed the lives of many of his close relatives, including is father and grandfather, at an age that Chris himself is now rapidly approaching. You can learn more about Chris and his family history on his web page.

This is no sob story, however. Far from it. In fact, following Chris on his Facebook page has brought smiles and laughs to many thousands of people this year. Watch one of his video updates then tell me you won't be back to see what happens next! Better yet, quit reading this blog and pop on over to Chris's Just Giving web page to send him some money right now, then go peruse the photos and videos on his Facebook page. Thanks, and goodbye!

If I didn't just lose you to an immediate donation then I have a proposition for you. Chris is a mere three lousy UK grand from hitting a £40K target and I want to do a little something to help him get there. All proceeds arising out of sales of my aforementioned novel were committed 100% to charity from the moment I conceived of writing it. That hasn't and won't change. An assisted living charity in the eastern US has received very occasional, very small checks over the years. But for the rest of this year at least, all proceeds from sales of Bubble Chamber - available via this Amazon page - will go to Dementia Adventure. I am also going to send along an equivalent amount of my own money for each copy sold so that you have extra inducement to go buy the book.

If you prefer to ignore my book entirely and simply donate to Chris that is just peachy. Or donate to Chris and then go buy the book, I won't stop you. Either way, join Chris virtually as he goes into the last three weeks of a truly epic bike ride. Along the way, take the time to think about just what it is you want to achieve with what remains of your life. We could probably all use a little bit more of Chris Graham's irrepressible spirit.

Functional MRI of dolphins?

Those of you who follow me on Twitter may have noticed that I've been scanning some post mortem brains of Cetacea over the past year or so. That's whales, dolphins and porpoises to you and me. The brains come in all shapes and sizes, from a rather tiny Amazon river dolphin, about the size of a fist, to fin and sei whale brains that are so wide they have to be inserted sideways, hemisphere-first, into the 3 T (human) head coil. The conditions and ages of the brains vary tremendously as well. Some have been fixed in formaldehyde for decades yet yield remarkably decent signal, others have been stored in ethanol and are as hard as rubber with T2 to match. A few months ago we obtained a recently deceased fresh brain of a white-sided dolphin which we were able to scan within about twelve hours of its demise. The image quality was magnificent.

What do we plan to do with all the post mortem data? That is still being formulated. Initial motivation for the project came from some Berkeley anthropologists with an interest in comparative neuroanatomy across higher mammalian species. Coincidentally, Greg Berns' group at Emory has recently produced a nice example of dolphin brain tractography and his recent study is a good example of what might be done in future. There's a commentary on Greg's study here, and an example image from his paper below. We are now determining how we might combine resources, share data and all that good stuff. More on what will be available to whom and when as we progress.

From: Berns et al. DOI 0.1098/rspb.2015.1203

In any case, after I posted the white-sided dolphin MRI to Twitter someone asked, likely facetiously (I suppose that should be flippantly), whether functional MRI was next. FMRI of dolphins was the subject of an April Fool's Day joke a few years ago, and it does seem far-fetched at first blush. So, too, does studying trained dogs with fMRI, but Greg Berns' team is already doing that. Since thought experiments are cheap I figured I'd write a blog post to consider what might be feasible today if one were sufficiently motivated (read sufficiently well funded) to want to do fMRI of cetaceans. If nothing else we might learn something as we're forced to consider the manifold factors.

Functional MRI of trained dogs

One of the delightful aspects of running an imaging facility is the sheer variety of projects coming through the door. Late last year my boss told me he'd been discussing with a group from Emory University about doing fMRI on trained dogs at our center. I'll confess to receiving the suggestion unenthusiastically, if only because I envisioned a mass of bureaucracy followed by a head-on logistical collision between the dog group and the dozens of human users. Activity at our center oscillates between hectic and frenetic, depending on the day. But, as it turned out I needn't have worried. The bureaucracy was handled admirably by the Emory folks while the logistical issues simply failed to materialize because of the professionalism of the dog fMRI team. It's been an enjoyable experience. And there are dogs. Many boisterous, happy, playful yet exceedingly well-trained dogs. Like these:

Quench!!!

I was persuaded by Tobias Gilk to post a video of the quench of Berkeley's old 4 T magnet, a fairly momentous event that a lot of people have enjoyed watching in private (whether they were absent or witnessed it live). The quench happened back in 2009. We didn't publicize the video at the time because we didn't want a bunch of know-nothings accusing us of wasting resources. (See the FAQ in the video comments if you want to know what happened to the magnet - we turned it into a mock scanner - and why we didn't try to recover the helium.) But there comes a time when the value to others becomes greater than the annoyance of poorly informed trolls venting their spleens on YouTube. So here it is, finally:

In case you missed seeing some of our antics in the couple of days leading up to the quench, here's that video, too:

And finally, while uploading the most recent video I tripped over another quench video from what looks and sounds like some Scandinavians: (I'm not even going to guess between Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland,...)

Looks like these guys had as much fun as we did! What's really clear in their tests is the oscillation of magnetic objects between the regions of peak gradient at either end of the magnet - a couple of feet out from the faces of the magnet at either end, the magnetic field and cryostat being symmetrical. The speed of movement is sufficiently slow at 1.5 T to see things clearly, versus the crazy violent movement of objects in the 4 T field. They have better music, too.

i-fMRI: Introducing a new post series

My colleague, MathematiCal Neuroimaging and I have been discussing what we see as flaws or limitations in current functional MRI scanners and methods, and what the future might look like were there ways to change things. So, in part to force us to consider each limitation with more rigor, and in part to stimulate thought and even activity within the neuroimaging community towards a brighter future, we decided to start a new series of posts that we'll cross-reference on our blogs. This blog will focus on the hand-wavy, conceptual side of things while at MathematiCal Neuroimaging you'll find the formal details and the mathematics.

We have loose plans at the moment to address the following topics: magnetic field strength considerations, gradient coil design considerations, RF coil design considerations, pulse sequences, contrast mechanisms, and motion and motion correction. We're going to hit a topic based on our developing interests and the issues that our local user community brings to us, so apologies if your fave doesn't actually appear in a post for months or years to come.


"You wanna go where? I wouldn't start from here, mate."

Blogs seem like the perfect vehicle for idle speculation about a fantasy future. The issues and limitations are very real, however, so that's where we will initiate the discussions. Then, wherever possible, we will gladly speculate on potential solutions and offer our opinions on the solutions that seem apparent today. But we're not going to try to predict the future; we will invariably be wrong. That would also be beside the point. What we want to do is motivate researchers, engineers and scanner vendors to consider the manifold ways an fMRI scanner and fMRI methods might evolve.

Note that in the last paragraph I referred specifically to an "fMRI scanner." A moment's consideration, however, reveals that most of the technology used for fMRI didn't arise out of dedicated efforts to produce a functional brain imager per se. Instead, we got lucky. Scanners are designed and built as clinical devices (worldwide sales in the hundreds to thousands) and not research tools for neuroscience (worldwide sales in the tens per year for pure research applications). A typical MRI scanner has compromises due to expense, size of subjects, stray magnetic field, applicability of methods to (paid) clinical markets, etc. Other forces are at work besides the quality and utility of fMRI. And these forces can be a mixed blessing.

Thus, part of the motivation for writing this post series is to provoke consideration of alternative current technologies; hardware or methods that exist right now but for whatever reason aren't available on the scanner you use for fMRI. Perhaps there are simple changes that can benefit fMRI applications even if these changes compromise a clinical application. For some facilities, like mine, that would be an acceptable trade.


What's in a name?

On this blog I'll use the moniker i-fMRI to label these op-ed posts. You can interpret the i however you like. Mathematicians might want to consider an imaginary scanner. Engineers might want to consider an impractical scanner. (This variant happens to be my preference.) Economists and business types might think of an inflationary fMRI scanner, because it's likely that the developments we seek will only drive the cost up, not down. And you neuroscientists? Well, we hope you'll consider your ideal fMRI scanner.

(Apple, if you're reading this - too late. We already sold the i-fMRI trademark to some company in China. Sorry.)

Light relief (to buy me time).... This year's IgNobel in Medicine

Anyone who has ever experienced an fMRI scan knows two things about the effects of the method on a subject: (1) it's soporific, and (2) like a long car journey, you don't need to pee until five minutes after you've started. So this year's IgNobel Prize in Medicine, awarded jointly to two groups, caught my attention. Their work shows how the need to urinate can affect performance on some simple mental tests - just the sort of tests that we use in our fMRI experiments.

Implications for fMRI?

An enjoyable summary of the winning researchers' work is available on this Scientific American blog. According to this summary (Yeah, I haven't got around to reading the papers themselves yet. I'm training to be a mainstream science journalist ;-), needing to pee could have your subjects performing better (yes, better) on delayed gratification tasks, but worse on cognitive tasks. I take these results at face value - I have to, I've not read the papers - but I do want to think a little more about the implications for fMRI studies. It's hard enough keeping people awake, let alone motivated to do a task. And as for providing *additional* motivation for a task... The mind boggles!

"I feel the need, the need to pee!"

So, short of rejecting subjects who rush to the toilet the moment they get out of the scanner, what else could we do to control for the effects? Perhaps we could insist that subjects must be able to sit in a waiting room for 20 minutes post-scan - no pee - and only then opt to retain their scan data.

What else might produce a similar effects in subjects? General discomfort? You have to wonder, given the "need-to-pee" effect, whether a subject's general state of (un)happiness in the scanner might well be interfering with his mental performance. If so, having pressure points in a subject's lower back or whatever could have him significantly altering his task ability.

Alternatively, perhaps the need to pee and general discomfort merely increases a subject's propensity to move. We all know that this is one of the Stages of Having to Pee:

So perhaps this amusing research has some important ramifications for fMRI studies after all. As with so many other state factors - caffeine use, stress, menstrual cycle, etc. - it could just be another in a long litany of issues that contribute to our relatively poor inter-subject variability. You know my feeling on the matter: if you can control for it, control it. And if you can't control for it but you can measure it, MEASURE IT! Would it really be the end of the world if you were to ask your subject to rate her "need to pee" as she exits the scanner? How amusing would it be to see your effect disappear having  regressed out the "need to pee" score?



PS I really will have a last post on EPI k-space along very soon! I promise!

MRI Claymation

It's a long weekend here in the US of A, it's hotter than Hades here in northern California (they said there would be a fog-cooled sea breeze! I want my money back!), and I am only halfway through the next post in the background physics series on account of having spent a very pleasant week in Quebec at the Human Brain Mapping conference. So, in lieu of anything more useful at short notice, I thought I'd share a truly awesome video I just found online, courtesy of Andre van der Kouwe and colleagues at MGH. The first two minutes demonstrate the method - surface renderings from MRIs of clay figures - and then it gets really fun: MRI making an image of itself.

427 views in two years simply doesn't do this work justice. Let's fix that!

If Blogger designed bathrooms...

...you can bet they would insist on power outlets over the bathtub. And two in the shower. (You never know when your laptop might get low on battery.)

Until they move into the construction industry, however, we must content ourselves with their software design skills, such as this gem: 

The "Screw your career six ways from Sunday button," a.k.a. the Publish Post button, is carefully placed well away from any button that you might want to use on a repeated basis for other reasons entirely. This layout is cunningly designed for blogging highly contentious posts; the sort where in your draft you might write reminder notes to yourself. Like, say, "Make sure you reference Mike Dood's crappy article on neologisms. Utter bollox!" These notes are, like Tweets from a congressman to female college students, designed to be confidential. You don't want them accidentally distributed to three billion random strangers just because you pushed your finger on the click pad a little too far to the left after that second glass of red wine, for instance. (Yeah, picky I know.) And you'd rather Mike Dood - a colleague in your department - didn't know your true feelings on his work, either. *

Ah, Blogger. Bless. Did James Bond ever have to put up with this sort of crap from Q, I wonder? I don't recall the eject button ever appearing in between the seek button on the radio and the cigarette lighter. Not even on the Lotus Esprit. And I'm sure James would have pointed it out if it had. Not exactly the most robust design, to be honest. ("Ah! Country music! I can't handle that. Let's see what else we can get out here in...  Fuuuuuu...!")





* Recovering from accidental publication is as simple as rushing to the Edit Posts page and deleting the offending post, then starting again from scratch now that you have just trashed all your work, all the while praying that not too many people just got e-notified of your new post and managed to see it (and cache it!) before you were able to hit Delete.

Memorial to an old post

This used to be the post entitled "Physics for understanding fMRI artifacts: Part Four." I had so many problems getting the draft published that I decided I wouldn't risk deleting this actual post, even though I have changed the title and the content. Wherever this thing points inside the "cloud" at Blogger, I want to seal it off like a leaky nuclear reactor and leave it for eternity, hopeful that it will be unable to infect any subsequent posts once it's buried in metaphorical concrete.

The replacement post, "Physics for understanding fMRI artifacts: Part F(f)our" is here.

I hadn't realized til recently just how flaky cloud computing can be. Clearly xkcd is way ahead of me, as usual:

 The Cloud.

(Stolen with his blanket permission from xkcd.com)